tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17607678912045978502024-02-19T06:33:05.895+00:00ElectrónicaHoje é um bom dia para inventar☺Dropeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06116611574828738845noreply@blogger.comBlogger50125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1760767891204597850.post-9545759623579504442022-02-08T15:00:00.003+00:002022-02-08T15:10:53.043+00:00APERTURE Laboratories<div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.imgur.com/HXj4a0l.jpg" style="font-family: verdana; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="150" data-original-width="800" height="94" src="https://i.imgur.com/HXj4a0l.jpg" width="502" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.imgur.com/boO8t7B.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="353" data-original-width="800" height="222" src="https://i.imgur.com/boO8t7B.jpg" width="504" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><a href="https://i.imgur.com/A5NIigw.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="315" data-original-width="800" height="344" src="https://i.imgur.com/A5NIigw.png" width="630" /></a></span></div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.imgur.com/4O9AT8X.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="443" data-original-width="800" height="349" src="https://i.imgur.com/4O9AT8X.jpg" width="631" /></span></a></div><p></p><br /><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana; text-align: left;">Water Ripple & Still Alive demo</span></div><div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="375" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WLcgqBtlkuw" width="451" youtube-src-id="WLcgqBtlkuw"></iframe></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">Esquema:</span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.imgur.com/dtiUWUl.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="502" data-original-width="800" height="402" src="https://i.imgur.com/dtiUWUl.png" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">Lado esquerdo Attiny85, suporte ISP funcional.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">Lado direito Display com reset temporizado (apr. 0,5ms), linha SDA bidirecional, condensador de 330pF ao gnd na linha SCK, para eliminar interferências parasitas quando da leitura da memória interna do display (GRAM).</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">Também lado direito a memória flash 2MB, CS temporizado (apr. 500ms).</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">A leitura da memória é efetuada quando CS está low, infelizmente toda a vez que se vai ler um byte desta memória, tem de se executar a operação de leitura, seguidamente do endereço e só depois se consegue obter o byte pretendido. Para colmatar o abandono da leitura e atraso significativo (comunicação partilhada com o display), a memória fica activa permanentemente, entretanto separada através de resistências para evitar conflitos.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">A entrada de SCK na memória é bloqueada sempre que a linha CS fica LOW (modo display), através de um díodo simples (experimentei um schottky sem sucesso).</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">Etapa amplificadora de audio:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.imgur.com/cfriA6h.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="443" data-original-width="702" height="404" src="https://i.imgur.com/cfriA6h.png" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">A frequência PWM é alta (+-800kHZ) e na filtragem basta um simples filtro passa baixo, neste caso por volta de 1kHZ. No amplificador escolhi um IC de baixo ruído extraído de um leitor de CDs para fones. A configuração paralela providencia uma saída de menor impedância, neste caso 8ohms, embora o volume também seja baixo.</span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">O ganho é unitário:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.imgur.com/EyiqiyW.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="255" data-original-width="576" height="177" src="https://i.imgur.com/EyiqiyW.png" width="400" /></span></a></div><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">Antes de programar o micro, os fuses devem ser implementados para possibilitar o modo PLL no código, neste caso: </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #6aa84f; font-family: verdana;">Low=F1 High=DF Ext=FF</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">https://www.engbedded.com/fusecalc/</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">Na configuração, o sinal PLL é obtido multiplicando por 8 o oscilador interno de 8MHz, resultando em 64MHz; este pode ser usado como clock de sistema após dividido por 4.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">Bascom:</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: #6aa84f; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">'Enable the PLL<br /></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> Pllcsr.plle = 1<br /></span><span style="font-family: verdana;">'Wait for the PLL to lock<br /></span><span style="font-family: verdana;">While Pllcsr.plock = 0<br /></span><span style="font-family: verdana;">Wend<br /></span><span style="font-family: verdana;">'Enable the 64MHz clock /4=16MHz<br /></span><span style="font-family: verdana;">Pllcsr.pcke = 1</span></span></i></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">A calibração do clock interno (8MHz) também é fundamental para se atingir os pretendidos 24MHz, </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><a href="https://i.imgur.com/5bnjmBd.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="458" data-original-width="800" height="183" src="https://i.imgur.com/5bnjmBd.png" width="320" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana; text-align: justify;">Segundo a ficha técnica desta calibração (OSCCAL register), não deve ser alterar acima de 10% o seu valor. No meu caso calibrei 1º para obter 16MHz certos, valor que me deu Osccal=98, para chegar aos 24MHz o valor foi de Oscall=212.</span></div><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #6aa84f; font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="font-family: verdana;">Ldi R24 , 212 '24MHZ<br /></span><span style="font-family: verdana;">Out Osccal , R24</span></i></span></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">Embora tenha calibrado para 50%, ainda não verifiquei qualquer falha no seu funcionamento, procurei no entanto o seu limite, e a partir de 223 bloqueia (sem avariar).</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">Configuração TIMER0 para 11.025Hz:</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #6aa84f; font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="font-family: verdana;">Config Timer0 = Timer , Prescale = 8 , Clear Timer = 1<br /></span><span style="font-family: verdana;">Enable Ovf0</span></i></span></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">O contador segundo esta configuração, dá 11719, entretanto existe algum atraso devido a outros procedimentos e o resultado é aproximado.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">Tive dificuldades de obter o sinal PWB em PB4 (OC1B), as informações pela net foram infrutíferas, até que tentei a configuração pelo “Codevision AVR Wizard”:</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #6aa84f; font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="font-family: verdana;">'----------------------------TIMER 1 PWM<br /></span><span style="font-family: verdana;">'TCCR1 – Timer/Counter1 Control Register<br /></span><span style="font-family: verdana;">'CTC1 PWM1A COM1A1 COM1A0 CS13 CS12 CS11 CS10<br /></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> Tccr1 = &H1<br /></span><span style="font-family: verdana;">'GTCCR – General Timer/Counter1 Control Register<br /></span><span style="font-family: verdana;">'TSM PWM1B COM1B1 COM1B0 FOC1B FOC1A PSR1 PSR0<br /></span><span style="font-family: verdana;">' 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0<br /></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> Gtccr = &B01100000<br /></span><span style="font-family: verdana;">'TCNT1 – Timer/Counter1<br /></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> Tcnt1 = &H00<br /></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> Ocr1a = &H00<br /></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> Ocr1b = &H80 ‘Mid<br /></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> Ocr1c = &HFF<br /></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> Config Portb.4 = Output</span></i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">O sinal PWM é modelado alterando o registo Ocr1b:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #6aa84f; font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;"><i>Ocr1b = Value</i></span></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><b style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;"><br /></b></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">- Water Ripple</b><b style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;"> -</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">Não estava previsto, mas resolvi implementar nos 15% de memória ainda disponíveis.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">Conheço bem o algoritmo para gerar o efeito fogo no PC, mas este parecia-me mais adequado, com áudio via pwm, nº aleatório.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160418004149/http://freespace.virgin.net/hugo.elias/graphics/x_water.htm"><span>https://web.archive.org/web/20160418004149/http://freespace.virgin.net/hugo.elias/graphics/x_water.htm</span></a></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://thecodingtrain.com/CodingChallenges/102-2d-water-ripple.html"><span>https://thecodingtrain.com/CodingChallenges/102-2d-water-ripple.html</span></a><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">O 2 problemas quando se quer apresentar algum efeito gráfico, são a falta de memória e a velocidade.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">O 1º consegui ultrapassar usando a própria memória do display para enviar e receber; configurei em modo de 18bits e todas as informações foram trabalhadas em formato 6 bits x 3canais rgb, difícil mas não impossível.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">A velocidade deixou de ser problema quando se faz o processamento em série, ou melhor, cada pixel é calculado de forma igual, independentemente do valor dele.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">Outro truque foi de partilhar o local das variáveis, para o efeito “Water dripple” uso 4 arrays de 64bytes, esse espaço é partilhado com variáveis do “Still Alive” através do procedimento “Overlay”, usa exactamente o mesmo endereço mas com nomes diferentes.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">.Sei que Bascom não é uma ferramenta de programação muito adoptada, preferem C ou algo parecido; desde miúdo que programo, comecei com QBasic depois Pascal e sempre de olho em C. Não sei porquê mas sempre tive dificuldades em entender C, falha minha, e até assembler me parecia mais confortável de entender… acredito que não depende da linguagem mas sim da forma que se escreve e se entende, para gerar um código limpo.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">A biblioteca de controle do display for completamente alterada, SPI em hardware na maior parte das funções.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">A união de Som, Imagem e Texto foi possível via VB6, o sincronismo no seu melhor.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.imgur.com/o90GpaG.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="395" data-original-width="320" height="320" src="https://i.imgur.com/o90GpaG.png" width="259" /></span></a></div><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;"><br /><br /></span><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div></div>Dropeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06116611574828738845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1760767891204597850.post-62540353405140806912022-02-08T14:58:00.003+00:002022-02-08T15:05:08.110+00:00Clock, Humidity and Temperature Sensor<p><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;"> Pequeno aparelho portátil para visualização horária, temperatura e humidade relativa (alternadamente).</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.imgur.com/KN6uHDV.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="550" data-original-width="800" height="276" src="https://i.imgur.com/KN6uHDV.png" width="400" /></span></a></div><p><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">Já tinha trabalhado anteriorme</span><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">nte com o sensor SHT21 da Sensirion, na construção de um controlador de estufa, é pequeno 3x3mm mas tem uma boa resolução (12/14bit for RH/T = RH0.04 &amp; T0.01), apesar de fazer a leitura com esta precisão, uso aqui apenas uma casa decimal ás limitações do display.</span></p><p><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">Não foi implementado na programação medições de temperatura negativas, embora seja possível com outro tipo de display.</span></p><p><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">O sensor foi aqui montado numa placa á parte para minimizar a transferência térmica com a pcb principal (também sugerido na sua ficha técnica), entretanto a sua alimentação só é activada no momento das medições, reduz o consumo e tem maior precisão na leitura.</span></p><p><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">Desenho do circuito, fabrico da PCB, montagem e programação em 7 dias.</span></p><p><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">Caracteristicas:</span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">- Microcontrolador atmega8 a 4MHz interno (não há necessidade de precisão aqui)<br /></span><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">- Relógio RTC (PCF8563) com recurso a supercap 0.047F para retenção horária<br /></span><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">- Possibilidade de acerto horário através dos switchs, modo ADC<br /></span><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">- Sensor STH21 alimentado a 2.8V (VDD 2.1V to 3.6V), level shifter através de 2 BS170<br /></span><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">- Consumo de 8 a 12mA (depende da intensidade do display)<br /></span><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">- Brilho ajustável</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.imgur.com/pZch51R.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="579" data-original-width="781" height="296" src="https://i.imgur.com/pZch51R.png" width="400" /></span></a></div><p><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">Normalmente desenho PCBs de face simples com jumpers, ao aumentar a complexidade por ter uma dimensão fixa, acaba por passar a duas faces. (not this time)</span></p><p><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">Neste caso resolvi a face superior por meio de fios isolados, estes foram soldados aos rebites, também funcionaria se entrarem nos furos, mas não aconselho a fazer isso, além de poder provocar um curto escondido, nunca se deve colocar mais de um terminal por furo.</span></p><p><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">Todas as pistas são de 0.35mm, incluindo as de alimentação...</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.imgur.com/lDfui6A.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="551" data-original-width="800" height="276" src="https://i.imgur.com/lDfui6A.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><p><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">Aqui vista superior já com os componentes montados, o LED á direita consome menos de 1mA, ainda ponderei se o montava.</span></p><p><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">Á esquerda o famoso sensor</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.imgur.com/IgYn5ke.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="551" data-original-width="800" height="276" src="https://i.imgur.com/IgYn5ke.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><p><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">Vista inferior, resistências 0805, um pequeno LED á direita para reduzir em 1.7V a alimentação e níveis lógicos do sensor.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.imgur.com/Cs4oeXX.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="551" data-original-width="800" height="276" src="https://i.imgur.com/Cs4oeXX.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;"><br /> </span><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">Demonstração do seu funcionamento (temperatura neste momento, sensor tapado)</span><div><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.imgur.com/SYCV43P.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="551" data-original-width="800" height="276" src="https://i.imgur.com/SYCV43P.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><p><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">Acabei por proteger o sensor de poeiras com uma rede, a humidade fica obstruída se for tapado completamente.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="367" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/whES8whSUlk" width="441" youtube-src-id="whES8whSUlk"></iframe></span></div><p><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">Source: </span><a href="https://github.com/pdropes/Clock-Humidity-and-Temperature-Sensor" style="font-family: verdana;">https://github.com/pdropes/Clock-Humidity-and-Temperature-Sensor</a></p><p><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">Simples</span></p><div><br /></div></div>Dropeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06116611574828738845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1760767891204597850.post-34763620690576403242022-02-08T13:19:00.002+00:002022-02-08T15:04:36.041+00:00Retro-iluminação RGB para monitor do pc<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: verdana;">Brincadeira com fita RGB, controlada através do PC via USB</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.imgur.com/iA4CE7J.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="480" src="https://i.imgur.com/iA4CE7J.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.imgur.com/RKR41n0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="489" data-original-width="640" height="422" src="https://i.imgur.com/RKR41n0.jpg" width="552" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.imgur.com/Mn5NpwG.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="509" data-original-width="555" height="394" src="https://i.imgur.com/Mn5NpwG.png" width="430" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/jiKAOe1hsHk" width="528" youtube-src-id="jiKAOe1hsHk"></iframe></div><div><br /></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Fonte: </span><a href="https://github.com/pdropes/Backlight-RGB">https://github.com/pdropes/Backlight-RGB</a></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br />Dropeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06116611574828738845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1760767891204597850.post-41309791247493378782021-09-18T17:54:00.001+01:002021-09-18T17:56:05.411+01:00Flash memory programmer SPI 3.3V<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><b><i> </i></b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #cccccc; text-align: justify;">Criação de um programador flash, útil para copiar, apagar ou clonar outra flash.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Funciona ligando a uma porta USB, não é de minha autoria, apenas adaptei o layout para uma versão veroboard:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3hzYsCdFCiw/YUYYFBwHd1I/AAAAAAAADMw/HZQUzV8dtHI_iKXfpAgYs_7e_h7x7UBvgCPcBGAsYHg/s1024/Flash%2Bprog_top.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="527" data-original-width="1024" height="206" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3hzYsCdFCiw/YUYYFBwHd1I/AAAAAAAADMw/HZQUzV8dtHI_iKXfpAgYs_7e_h7x7UBvgCPcBGAsYHg/w400-h206/Flash%2Bprog_top.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LDxQc7hcPOQ/YUYYFJYPnhI/AAAAAAAADMw/MoO7JqpRmb4iwV802Lyl7sN7f6jaNtFnwCPcBGAsYHg/s1024/Flash%2Bprog_botton.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="513" data-original-width="1024" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LDxQc7hcPOQ/YUYYFJYPnhI/AAAAAAAADMw/MoO7JqpRmb4iwV802Lyl7sN7f6jaNtFnwCPcBGAsYHg/w400-h200/Flash%2Bprog_botton.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Fonte original: </span><a href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/flashprog/">https://sourceforge.net/projects/flashprog/</a></div></div>
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Dropeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06116611574828738845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1760767891204597850.post-36489426673488652042020-11-09T15:22:00.004+00:002022-02-08T15:04:17.974+00:00Frequêncímetro RF 1GHz<p style="text-align: center;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DJ-5xZqxAbE/X6h3fkbFVEI/AAAAAAAADDQ/bDow5c-bghMuR5RbhPlU3KXsMrDXdfoaACPcBGAsYHg/s1024/Top_working.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DJ-5xZqxAbE/X6h3fkbFVEI/AAAAAAAADDQ/bDow5c-bghMuR5RbhPlU3KXsMrDXdfoaACPcBGAsYHg/w400-h300/Top_working.jpg" width="400" /></a></p><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Este é um frequencímetro que foi pensado para medir um transmissor de rádio, já construí vários transmissores de FM, o maior problema sempre foi em saber qual a frequência, ao sintonizar num rádio comum, torna-se desgastante a sua procura, muitas das vezes que se capta o sinal do transmissor, são apenas harmonicas, e só nos afastando é que sabemos se estamos sintonizados na frequência fundamental, ou não.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Se falarmos de um transmissor de 4W (ilustrado na foto em cima), teríamos de nos afastar algumas centenas de metros, só para ter a certeza que estava bem calibrado.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">O que mais me impressionou nesta montagem, foi a estabilidade do valor obtido, mesmo deslocando ou agitando o medidor por vários centímetros, o valor a medir mantem-se fixo sem qualquer variação ou perda.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yeGrVV-FpqE/X6h2mgMqrSI/AAAAAAAADDA/jWygP7iuzeoXsWP-QapPIRvi7GUQeCN2gCPcBGAsYHg/s1024/Esquema.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><img border="0" data-original-height="724" data-original-width="1024" height="453" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yeGrVV-FpqE/X6h2mgMqrSI/AAAAAAAADDA/jWygP7iuzeoXsWP-QapPIRvi7GUQeCN2gCPcBGAsYHg/w640-h453/Esquema.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Tenho um IC SP4653(prescaler 256) faz +-20 anos, entretanto nunca tive oportunidade de o colocar em funcionamento para este propósito por falta de conhecimentos.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Neste esquema temos a entrada de sinal através de uma bobine, esta não é critica e foi construída com 3 voltas de fio esmaltado em cima de um núcleo de ferrite: </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cccccc; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="521" data-original-width="640" height="326" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wZ2yInw0C_o/X6h2mh_NXeI/AAAAAAAADDA/-2X4mSwq1SEsNQK3FxlrSPBvzaGAOfY3gCPcBGAsYHg/w400-h326/Bobine.jpg" width="400" /></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">A seguir passa por uma proteção à base de dois diodos (BAS70), eu usei dois RB501V-40 por não ter em stock o dito diodo, desde que sejam Schottky não tem inconveniente. Esta proteção evita a destruição do SP4653 caso o sinal de entrada seja muito forte, pois a máxima tensão permitida é de 2.5V p-p, o que se consegue se o transmissor for de alguns watts. O sinal de entrada é de +- 10mV para um funcionamento normal: </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xBaSZESZ63s/X6h2mhRpiTI/AAAAAAAADDA/R4crFfN0dZggrHrT7jZC3huyGelGWyVtACPcBGAsYHg/s540/2diodes.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="366" data-original-width="540" height="271" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xBaSZESZ63s/X6h2mhRpiTI/AAAAAAAADDA/R4crFfN0dZggrHrT7jZC3huyGelGWyVtACPcBGAsYHg/w400-h271/2diodes.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">De seguida o sinal entra no prescaler /256 e sai pelo pino 7 com uma amplitude de +- 0.8V p-p, convertendo em TTL no transistor T1.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Embora o prescaler tenha entrada e saída simétrica, funciona bem se só utilizarmos um dos pinos quer na entrada como na saída.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Aqui já temos no Atmega a entrada devidamente dividida por 256 com um sinal lógico viável.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pi9Gg4m3WY8/X6h2muatQfI/AAAAAAAADDA/xxTVijPamccM4qcH0bcTZ5G0XUw6Nx9yQCPcBGAsYHg/s1024/Back.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pi9Gg4m3WY8/X6h2muatQfI/AAAAAAAADDA/xxTVijPamccM4qcH0bcTZ5G0XUw6Nx9yQCPcBGAsYHg/w400-h300/Back.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><b>Programação:</b></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Na programação, baseei-me num tópico apresentado em:<br /></span><span style="color: #cccccc;"><a href="https://www.elektroda.pl/rtvforum/topic2657614.html" target="_blank">https://www.elektroda.pl/rtvforum/topic2657614.html</a></span></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">O limite deste frequencímetro é de 10MHz, pelo que é suficiente para o que pretendo, depois da divisão (1GHz/256= 3.906.250Hz).</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">O programa é em Bascom AVR, linguagem simples e de fácil entendimento em que se mistura assembly para maior rapidez de processamento.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Alterei várias coisas, como display de 7seg, e nova configuração para o alimentar, a corrente é suficientemente baixa para segurança também do micro (<40mA/pino).</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><b>Descrição do código:</b></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;">Crystal=12MHz<br /></span><span style="color: #6aa84f;">Prescale Timer1=256</span></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">No original o cristal era de 16MHz com prescale de 1024</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Optei por um cristal de menor frequência por vários motivos:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Alimentação <5V, a máxima frequência de entrada é de 4MHz, não tinha em stock um cristal com baixo perfil de 16.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">O valor do cristal / prescaler, tem de ser um nº inteiro, 12/1024 não o é, mas 12/256 sim.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;">12.000.000/256=46875</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Colocando o Timer1 a funcionar com o prescaler de 256, em modo de comparação com 46875, temos uma interrupção a cada segundo.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Nisto a contagem é realizada pelo Timer0, que captura a interrupção pelo pino 6 do micro, designado T0, aumentando um valor.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Timer0 é um contador de apenas 8bits, se quisermos chegar a 10M (como foi originalmente programado), a contagem deverá ser adicionada a uma variável suficientemente grande a cada 256.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;">Dim Multiplier As Dword At &H70</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Este processo foi escrito em assembly, garantindo uma boa rapidez, usando posições de memória para alocar esta variável de 4bytes.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Até aqui temos um valor que já foi dividido em 256 antes da entrada e queremos apresentar no display de 4 dígitos, apenas em MHz e com uma casa decimal após o ponto.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Para isso poderia multiplicar pelos 256 e teria o valor certo da frequência, assim se multiplicar por 0.00256 terei o resultado certo para enviar para o display, incluindo a casa decimal.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Código para amostragem de 1/seg:<br /></span><span style="color: #6aa84f;">12.000.000/256=46875</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Código para amostragem de 5/seg:<br /></span><span style="color: #6aa84f;">12.000.000/256/5=9375</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">A razão de amostragem é de 1/seg. o que é péssimo quando se quer ajustar a frequência num transmissor, colmatando isso, dividi por 5 o valor a comparar em Timer1.<br /></span><span style="color: #6aa84f;">Get_real = Frequency * 0 .0128</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Como o tempo de amostragem ficou em 1/5, terei de multiplicar por 5 a frequência lida para ter o resultado em Hz correto.<br /></span><span style="color: #cccccc;">No calculo anterior da multiplicação o resultado foi de “0.00256”, multiplicando este valor por 5 terei 0.0128</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;">Dig:<br /></span><span style="color: #6aa84f;"> Data 128 , 233 , 068 , 096 , 041 , 034 , 002 , 232 , 000 , 032<br /></span><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span> 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9</span><span> </span></span></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Estas linhas aparecem no final do código, que devem ser adaptadas para o display escolhido e configuração das ligações ao micro, embora esteja representadas em nºs, deverá se ter em conta o formato binário apenas, para a ligação de cada segmento do display. (ficheiro excel dentro do "rar" pode dar uma ajuda neste ponto)</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gTyNBPM92L0/X6h2mjKgfoI/AAAAAAAADDA/r-Mhp5CL6jcMZQ4DIb2ZKcI3_S6QDWWQwCPcBGAsYHg/s1024/Angulo.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gTyNBPM92L0/X6h2mjKgfoI/AAAAAAAADDA/r-Mhp5CL6jcMZQ4DIb2ZKcI3_S6QDWWQwCPcBGAsYHg/s320/Angulo.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Dados técnicos:</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Alimentação 4.5V - 3 x AAA<br /></span><span style="color: #cccccc;">Consumo +-55mA</span></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">PCB e programa em anexo, + outros: </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uLlKMaiNYRpbppccGz6a3nV3qIpOFwvd/view?" target="_blank">https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uLlKMaiNYRpbppccGz6a3nV3qIpOFwvd/view?</a></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b style="color: #cccccc;">last edit:</b><span style="color: #cccccc;"> Saquei de uma motherboard um cristal de 80MHz para me certificar que este frequencímetro estava a dar valores corretos, confirmo assim o código estar operacional. As derivações são apenas do cristal de 12MHz que são insignificantes para o propósito. Acredito que tem mais potencialidades este aparelho, se levar uma ficha em paralelo com a bobine, sempre pode ter outro propósito.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>Dropeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06116611574828738845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1760767891204597850.post-9388277045220424092020-03-01T23:22:00.002+00:002022-02-08T15:06:28.914+00:00HV FuseReset II<br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Há um tempo atrás realizei uma placa para programar em “paralelo” alguns micros AVR, mais para desbloqueá-los e repor os <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fuses</i>, que por vezes dá borrada quando mal inseridos e não existe outra forma a ter acesso senão em modo paralelo, já que o ISP não comunica com ele.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">O resultado foi satisfatório, alimentado com um transformador de 12V (ou mais), basta colocar o micro bloqueado no socket, ligar o interruptor e carregar no switch, depois é só esperar que o LED vermelho se apague e está feito.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Pois é, se ficou bem-feita a operação ou não, ninguém sabe, só testando-o via ISP, por isso resolvi fazer uma nova versão deste aparato mas com alguma inteligência, de preferência alimentado a pilhas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Outro pormenor é que se o micro tiver algum lockbit programado, não se consegue alterar os fuses sem se apagar totalmente a memória.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Daí criar uma nova versão:</span><br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Funções:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">- Verifica a assinatura</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">- Apaga as memórias flash e eeprom</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">- Coloca os fuses de origem (default fuses)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">- Grava o bootloader Uno com os respectivos fuses e lockbit</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">- Verifica o estado da bateria ao ligar >7V</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Em programação paralela, são necessárias duas tensões, 5V, e 12V que liga ao RST no momento certo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Para os 5V, a partir dos 9V da bateria basta um simples 78L05 ou similar; já os 12V tive de recorrer a um elevador de tensão (ST662AB, 5V to 12, 0.03A).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Este é o diagrama de fluxo de acordo com o programa escrito:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QB8HSDoNrHw/Xlw755LXasI/AAAAAAAAC8U/-qS43Q5zIL0jFYZnW6E99Mpvi_yOLas8wCKgBGAsYHg/s1600/image017.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="899" data-original-width="1063" height="539" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QB8HSDoNrHw/Xlw755LXasI/AAAAAAAAC8U/-qS43Q5zIL0jFYZnW6E99Mpvi_yOLas8wCKgBGAsYHg/s640/image017.png" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Pequeno vídeo do aparelho em funcionamento:</span></div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/31BtF3wSClw/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/31BtF3wSClw?feature=player_embedded" width="480"></iframe></div>
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Dropeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06116611574828738845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1760767891204597850.post-55620293655203132082017-11-03T23:54:00.001+00:002017-11-06T14:47:24.549+00:00Aparafusadora Ryobi<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Reciclagem de uma aparfusadora parada a algum tempo, o motivo é o habitual, pilhas em mau estado.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Pretendendo ir para umas LIPO, resolvi usar um powerbank que se estão a generalizar e se encontram em qualquer esquina.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;">A tensão original de funcionamento é de 4.8V mas os 3.7V da LIPO mostrou-se suficiente.</span><br />
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-VYXMk_0_CLs/Wfz-M-M4V-I/AAAAAAAACpE/2QxNFsegRTU1JU9H8ytPFepkRc9jlKkyQCKgBGAs/s1600/IMG_20171103_212936.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="225" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-VYXMk_0_CLs/Wfz-M-M4V-I/AAAAAAAACpE/2QxNFsegRTU1JU9H8ytPFepkRc9jlKkyQCKgBGAs/s400/IMG_20171103_212936.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Aqui a bateria de 1400mA, sendo o transformador de 160mA, o seu carregamento completo equipara-se a 12h, algo descabido</span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gX3TFocRy5A/Wfz-M7l5MTI/AAAAAAAACpE/AO-hJHcKdYQWgty-naRBbLyZ1tS_GBaAgCKgBGAs/s1600/IMG_20171101_111000.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="225" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gX3TFocRy5A/Wfz-M7l5MTI/AAAAAAAACpE/AO-hJHcKdYQWgty-naRBbLyZ1tS_GBaAgCKgBGAs/s400/IMG_20171101_111000.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Espaço dentro da aparafusadora</span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JewksAw-1xQ/Wfz-M9GWHRI/AAAAAAAACpE/NciCExYHtXE9E1jDS4e8pIJw6oQuMNwPwCKgBGAs/s1600/IMG_20171103_122731.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="225" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JewksAw-1xQ/Wfz-M9GWHRI/AAAAAAAACpE/NciCExYHtXE9E1jDS4e8pIJw6oQuMNwPwCKgBGAs/s400/IMG_20171103_122731.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Circuito de carregamento do powerbank</span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-I1BXsEaR0V8/Wfz-M2ntaMI/AAAAAAAACpE/SLXRshD44dQHeEF4pte4s6082d11A5G_ACKgBGAs/s1600/IMG_20171103_200616.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1422" data-original-width="800" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-I1BXsEaR0V8/Wfz-M2ntaMI/AAAAAAAACpE/SLXRshD44dQHeEF4pte4s6082d11A5G_ACKgBGAs/s400/IMG_20171103_200616.jpg" width="225" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Colocação de todos os componentes</span></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-T4tAOnJjNfk/Wfz-M6XikCI/AAAAAAAACpE/XmuGhhN17n4ydzX_wyqaAATroIyo_SNogCKgBGAs/s1600/IMG_20171103_211808.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-T4tAOnJjNfk/Wfz-M6XikCI/AAAAAAAACpE/XmuGhhN17n4ydzX_wyqaAATroIyo_SNogCKgBGAs/s640/IMG_20171103_211808.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Entrada de alimentação tipo micro-USB</span></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/--tQYLy0wrVk/Wfz-M9yF16I/AAAAAAAACpE/fLnZj2WyWYw9xPYY-IziTboPg_q_BNZ0QCKgBGAs/s1600/IMG_20171103_213021.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="707" data-original-width="1600" height="176" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/--tQYLy0wrVk/Wfz-M9yF16I/AAAAAAAACpE/fLnZj2WyWYw9xPYY-IziTboPg_q_BNZ0QCKgBGAs/s400/IMG_20171103_213021.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;">O carregamento anda por volta de 1000mA, ficando a carga completa cerca de 2h, em falta está o limitador que previne o descarregamento total da pilha causando a sua avaria; o próprio carregador inclui uma saída de 5V mas apenas de 1000mA sendo insuficiente para este motor, chegando mesmo a debitar 5A quando em esforço.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Last edit: acabei por colar um mosfet na alimentação do motor, a gate encontra-se ligada à saída positiva do usb, esta tensão desaparece assim que a pilha for menor que 3.0V, assegura-se deste modo a sua sobrevivencia.</span>Dropeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06116611574828738845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1760767891204597850.post-41946789103602282862016-10-06T15:10:00.008+01:002022-02-08T15:04:05.851+00:00Tetris by Dropes<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Jogo vic<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">iante que tinha à algum tempo pensar em fazer e este foi o momento idea<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">l</span>, recorrendo a um analisador lógico foi poss<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">í</span>vel fazer a a<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">quisição</span> de dados <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">entre</span> este di<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">s</span>play e uma <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">impre<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">ssora Brother de forma a ser est<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">udad<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">o o seu protocolo<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">- Display CMG48MC1-FJ (Brother MFC-490CW)<br />
- Atmega328P 16MHz<br />
- Pilha Lithium (capacidade desconhecida)<br />
- Carregador Lithium via USB<br />
- Conversor dc-dc 3.7V to 6V para a iluminação do display<br />
- Teclado de um auto-rádio para a interface, iluminado<br />
- Programado em BascomAVR (80% space)<br />
- Consumo +-70mA</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Vista superior:</span></span><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHUhO-AHJyLY2Afd5dV7ccrmrSl15y2klA5KimtREPVMkF3d_-SwgqeHuZSrhkikbxKfNF_XY2T9pPs0nvveFUAHXB-k8Iy7pMFnoBl3DG_ilSXqCABWIgN-_FHsxwDs5BvRq-qfXsd5so/s1600/tetris-top.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span></span><img border="0" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHUhO-AHJyLY2Afd5dV7ccrmrSl15y2klA5KimtREPVMkF3d_-SwgqeHuZSrhkikbxKfNF_XY2T9pPs0nvveFUAHXB-k8Iy7pMFnoBl3DG_ilSXqCABWIgN-_FHsxwDs5BvRq-qfXsd5so/s640/tetris-top.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></div>
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Vi<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">sta interior:</span></span></span><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span> <br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKRa7yJl_dUFCwGcpTNkD267Fnu8QF5bG-C24mNEYDpbUFLv-dLgzaGy4n4Qz1hN5nxXTkpSh1Mv99bVXtBGaWaXJIan62HFsu9MkKjxJD2dFEs8QL0El3_VDHWJXVCRKAZ-3iHSEpl_bD/s1600/tetris-back.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKRa7yJl_dUFCwGcpTNkD267Fnu8QF5bG-C24mNEYDpbUFLv-dLgzaGy4n4Qz1hN5nxXTkpSh1Mv99bVXtBGaWaXJIan62HFsu9MkKjxJD2dFEs8QL0El3_VDHWJXVCRKAZ-3iHSEpl_bD/s640/tetris-back.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Adaptação de um Atmega32<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">8P num suporte PDIP:</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWecpXqgrvMFODho7bYbF8dRbI6PmAoZZAkMqal-sZIjuCus8NjD06CbhkvKIsuDS0x4hdDJKyhcavrTGB1POt1kRmVVoslFQzOfqZUcQ-HEK3zMYh0sTAeBs2i0N3jiFfwJmNhtvksJ3t/s1600/tetris-atmega328p.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWecpXqgrvMFODho7bYbF8dRbI6PmAoZZAkMqal-sZIjuCus8NjD06CbhkvKIsuDS0x4hdDJKyhcavrTGB1POt1kRmVVoslFQzOfqZUcQ-HEK3zMYh0sTAeBs2i0N3jiFfwJmNhtvksJ3t/s640/tetris-atmega328p.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Vídeo</span> do resultado final: </span></span></div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/8_nayr54OAU/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="400" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/8_nayr54OAU?feature=player_embedded" width="640"></iframe></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span></span></span></span>Dropeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06116611574828738845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1760767891204597850.post-82251124719693648302016-09-27T22:09:00.002+01:002022-02-08T15:03:40.176+00:00Seguidor de Linha<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span></span></b></i></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Projecto apenas para fins didáticos<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">, construído inicialmente para competição <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">aguarda<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">ndo</span> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">seguimento<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> para tal</span></span>, com <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">aproveitamento de</span> material <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">reciclado como </span>impressoras<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">,</span> scanners e leitores de CDs<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Variáveis de ajuste através de switchs<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">:</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">- Calibra<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">ção de sensores </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">- Velocidade máxima</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">- Tempo máximo sem linha</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">- PID</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">e</span>ntre outros... </span> </span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-m8aZdKhSAlg/V-rYGYjhFFI/AAAAAAAACcE/ukIxhaLun6g4J7AJjwtYDXdeNvEbNkiWwCLcB/s1600/slider%25252525205%255B1%255D.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="272" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-m8aZdKhSAlg/V-rYGYjhFFI/AAAAAAAACcE/ukIxhaLun6g4J7AJjwtYDXdeNvEbNkiWwCLcB/s640/slider%25252525205%255B1%255D.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">PCBs</span>:</span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bAOHKUh0aiw/V-rYQe4uumI/AAAAAAAACcI/mWRthw8wCLwcthcw5R4UXwUQTxWALIxMwCLcB/s1600/2xpcb%255B1%255D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="236" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bAOHKUh0aiw/V-rYQe4uumI/AAAAAAAACcI/mWRthw8wCLwcthcw5R4UXwUQTxWALIxMwCLcB/s640/2xpcb%255B1%255D.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">PCBs<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> montadas</span></span>:</span></span></span> <a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-KvcQmgcikQs/V-rYrj56TzI/AAAAAAAACcM/jHs8yrwtDWEmovFSG2E3cU7JjJtMKVnLgCLcB/s1600/9%2525252520PCBs%2525252520montadas%255B1%255D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="278" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-KvcQmgcikQs/V-rYrj56TzI/AAAAAAAACcM/jHs8yrwtDWEmovFSG2E3cU7JjJtMKVnLgCLcB/s640/9%2525252520PCBs%2525252520montadas%255B1%255D.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Carro montado</span></span>: </span></span></span></div>
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<img border="0" height="480" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-x_uEPEiNAt8/V-rZGg7KppI/AAAAAAAACcY/6BI2WayVGu85CfHrwIVEVDy3ukEipGe3ACLcB/s640/DSCF3186%255B1%255D.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Sensores</span>:</span></span></span></div>
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<img border="0" height="480" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1wBbQOUlFaE/V-raIPbyvSI/AAAAAAAACcs/EQzBtlenS2UxqlNcGEr_cHKFy5VRnO-pwCLcB/s640/Detalhe%25252Bsensores%255B1%255D.jpg" width="640" /><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Engrenagens</span></span>:</span></span></span></div>
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<img border="0" height="290" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-aIrYd4j50Ck/V-raO1eKkHI/AAAAAAAACcw/HlA9C4DgAfEzLERNoo7mcYQrWWQAk-yFQCLcB/s640/15%25252BEngrenagens3%25252B1%255B1%255D.jpg" width="640" /><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span></span></span></span></div>
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<img border="0" height="240" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FRtU2xCMip8/V-raSgapnHI/AAAAAAAACc0/wErrRSdu-qgmk9sopb7zUu3RytLOISxaQCLcB/s640/15%25252BEngrenagens3%25252B2%255B1%255D.jpg" width="640" /><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Aplicação de duas baterias + booster</span></span>:</span></span></span></div>
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<img border="0" height="326" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9IPEwWMtdYQ/V-raXa7jFRI/AAAAAAAACc4/YDBUvKRRz7U3NiVl8NJgDqbhx7o2Kmw4QCLcB/s640/dcdc%255B1%255D.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">P<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">istas de ensaios e <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">de </span>performance:</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JANPzDmoLxI/V-rZOxs8WuI/AAAAAAAACcc/WIUmMsNhavE9Q6t2I7Mki8xeXtp_to3GQCLcB/s1600/Pista%25252525202%255B1%255D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JANPzDmoLxI/V-rZOxs8WuI/AAAAAAAACcc/WIUmMsNhavE9Q6t2I7Mki8xeXtp_to3GQCLcB/s200/Pista%25252525202%255B1%255D.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-KOO5jRaVOGM/V-rZTEBnGBI/AAAAAAAACcg/SvxUttqzKQUOKyHqiqpZrJBcSkqtcDDXQCLcB/s1600/Pista%25252525201%255B1%255D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-KOO5jRaVOGM/V-rZTEBnGBI/AAAAAAAACcg/SvxUttqzKQUOKyHqiqpZrJBcSkqtcDDXQCLcB/s200/Pista%25252525201%255B1%255D.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span></span></span><br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">V<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">ídeo</span> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">final<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> com duas baterias</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> (sem booster </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">aplicado </span></span></span></span>aqui)</span>:</span></span></span></div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/90pSz0rKg_s/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="400" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/90pSz0rKg_s?feature=player_embedded" width="640"></iframe><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Mais informações em: <a href="http://lusorobotica.com/index.php?topic=8498.0">http://lusorobotica.com/index.php?topic=8498.0</a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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Dropeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06116611574828738845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1760767891204597850.post-41964405744529948062016-01-10T23:50:00.005+00:002016-01-11T00:03:39.855+00:00ESR Meter<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><b>ESR Meter (Equivalent Series Resistance)</b></i></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Venho aqui apresentar um projecto Final de Ano 2015 que achei ser interessante e útil em múltiplas ocasiões.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">A confirmação de que um eletrolítico está bom ou não, depende principalmente da sua resistência em série, o que é isso, ESR ou Resistência Equivalente em Série é um parâmetro importante em todo condensador, a ESR representa a resistência resultante da combinação dos terminais, conexões internas, placas, dielétrico e eletrólito (no caso de condensadores eletrolíticos): </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeKNe3z9WIgJ9EQC8ws0zBb7yLlMvq6g14ElE4bG6aQJWBCkrM4dl6j2giEyP1wiQg69GMDkgxjsn9eM7c9jixFu0wLHGxib7jM19ge2WsdjgKlOXJJem2Ch3bTbyWyynV8cA0shs8ZYFp/s1600/caps-f1a.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeKNe3z9WIgJ9EQC8ws0zBb7yLlMvq6g14ElE4bG6aQJWBCkrM4dl6j2giEyP1wiQg69GMDkgxjsn9eM7c9jixFu0wLHGxib7jM19ge2WsdjgKlOXJJem2Ch3bTbyWyynV8cA0shs8ZYFp/s1600/caps-f1a.gif" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Representação gráfica de um condensador eletrolítico e sua ESR:</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzsxKVVoLC2kuXO_loV-c4SrzIbjxYWmvbqLE5zwrKq_Iu2pOW-tCbIiOtZDVHsxtdd1VG2yOGHh67ApTUhcdYH7BnPQ8Ck4_oVD8c6QnSvT5dPJrUwcHSH-o1J1UHubdj3Z0LVYDKJNyY/s1600/Internal+capacitor.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzsxKVVoLC2kuXO_loV-c4SrzIbjxYWmvbqLE5zwrKq_Iu2pOW-tCbIiOtZDVHsxtdd1VG2yOGHh67ApTUhcdYH7BnPQ8Ck4_oVD8c6QnSvT5dPJrUwcHSH-o1J1UHubdj3Z0LVYDKJNyY/s1600/Internal+capacitor.png" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">O aumento da ESR afeta a performance de circuitos sintonizados, fontes comutadas, circuitos de deflexão, circuitos amplificadores de vídeo, etc .</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">A ESR de um condensador eletrolítico deve ser baixa, mas devido a fatores como qualidade, idade, construção e temperatura de operação a ESR pode subir para valores indesejáveis.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Possibilidades de se medir com o auxilio de um gerador de funções e um osciloscópio:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/115erzCCxgE/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/115erzCCxgE?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Entretanto a informação daí obtida é demorada e pouco precisa, consegui identificar alguns condensadores numa reparação mas não foi suficiente.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Depois de alguma pesquisa sobre o modo de funcionamento dos circuitos para a sua medição, acabei por construir um medidor baseado neste fórum:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><a href="http://www.eevblog.com/forum/projects/5-transistor-esr-meter-design/%5Dhttp://www.eevblog.com/forum/projects/5-transistor-esr-meter-design/">http://www.eevblog.com/forum/projects/5-transistor-esr-meter-design/]http://www.eevblog.com/forum/projects/5-transistor-esr-meter-design/</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">A medição é através de pontas de prova a 100kHz 100mV, podendo ser realizada directamente na placa sem ter de dessoldar, não causa avarias a componentes interligados devido à baixa tensão, sendo bastante prático e rápido no diagnóstico.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">A frequência é alta para ser anulada a capacidade destes condensadores, assim poderá ser feita a medição apenas da resistência equivalente:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDGODePvCy_sZj0Rn_scXxFL_oicIRNffgINdkCfZK8h75RnENOhCP_j0PTVhJDEaQDwQTD3LvZR3iWMTWMTI4XLA0r1ivT-7xKuh70DrQIpkEahBPtXtpikvncsLCWtBNl0C8oI25NJK5/s1600/Imp_vs_f.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDGODePvCy_sZj0Rn_scXxFL_oicIRNffgINdkCfZK8h75RnENOhCP_j0PTVhJDEaQDwQTD3LvZR3iWMTWMTI4XLA0r1ivT-7xKuh70DrQIpkEahBPtXtpikvncsLCWtBNl0C8oI25NJK5/s640/Imp_vs_f.gif" width="640" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Pelo fórum foi questionado se poderia ser usado um amperímetro de 1mA pelo que foi respondido simplesmente, não.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">No meu caso o amperímetro é de 1.2mA 120mV para o topo da escala (120ohms).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Ao simular este circuito, resolvi alterar o ganho dos transistors de saída (5 resistências), pelo que se tornou praticável a sua construção.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Um aspecto também importante seria de manter a curva de medição, isso foi conseguido através de manipulação de 4 resistências, teoricamente funcionaria:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq9hFxD78eQQ_fokWTl7ISefh9uLC7CNZ6Tn_BFFlMaR4jig-tSNGeoqV4JZBz6AsaeyeDAGHIs4QBPyG5v_LIyAYSMtK5Oq5mktLUsbuNwX2pfKooLB-rCHSHpDB6cNrOMvjk3Vl6DsUX/s1600/calibra%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o+escala.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq9hFxD78eQQ_fokWTl7ISefh9uLC7CNZ6Tn_BFFlMaR4jig-tSNGeoqV4JZBz6AsaeyeDAGHIs4QBPyG5v_LIyAYSMtK5Oq5mktLUsbuNwX2pfKooLB-rCHSHpDB6cNrOMvjk3Vl6DsUX/s640/calibra%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o+escala.png" width="640" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Como se consegue ver, a leitura de 8 a 10ohms ficou muito baixa, isto poderia ser resolvido trocando as 4 resistências, entretanto não quis estar a adiar mais já que estava tudo montado e a teoria nem sempre corresponde à realidade.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Mãos à obra, esquema e layout via Eagle, caixa aproveitada de um multímetro dos chineses de 5€ e de péssima qualidade, além da agulha andar a balançar, cada medição dava um valor diferente, logo não havia nada a aproveitar desta relíquia a não ser a caixa da qual foi recortado o plástico para o propósito, o espaço que sobrou foi exactamente o da <span style="font-size: small;">PCB</span> original em que tive de seguir à risca a furação.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Placa original:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5m0aT3ur-WRueYWVzdPyzMubxDdo_z91qvOdfiMOqw-TZPgS3irliH8fStt6KoS25lBzZlso1qCBEy95vsH3gvHD3Ql_uB87PFAQMEV7BK5HT1txP38QFjV0sJKsdI5GnQ9cBlDUYYLow/s1600/PCB+original.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="337" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5m0aT3ur-WRueYWVzdPyzMubxDdo_z91qvOdfiMOqw-TZPgS3irliH8fStt6KoS25lBzZlso1qCBEy95vsH3gvHD3Ql_uB87PFAQMEV7BK5HT1txP38QFjV0sJKsdI5GnQ9cBlDUYYLow/s400/PCB+original.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Esquema:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1miez3bBDlSoRL3RIdDLauXQ9VvpM7rK4SLSYFtblCJ_RSlmNcjPftlCM0GNBFoqXLxiTTNmuqtRcpn8I6vBReOP2BWjw_iWjmrINSQkMkvT8ESuQhzDKlS16z01MoYI_80SeSqCnPXaa/s1600/esquema.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="449" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1miez3bBDlSoRL3RIdDLauXQ9VvpM7rK4SLSYFtblCJ_RSlmNcjPftlCM0GNBFoqXLxiTTNmuqtRcpn8I6vBReOP2BWjw_iWjmrINSQkMkvT8ESuQhzDKlS16z01MoYI_80SeSqCnPXaa/s640/esquema.png" width="640" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Layout:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWjduTbhqLl_DWDd9GpMrA328SQf97CUDABheEpICkP0EqT3W2xfVspOHU6RILM33jbwY9CvurYShAZA1t-btmhgrvSXjudCTA1q16YyU7LFV-zPu_-QURZXyUrlRWbCHRlauckBLaDRKE/s1600/pcb.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWjduTbhqLl_DWDd9GpMrA328SQf97CUDABheEpICkP0EqT3W2xfVspOHU6RILM33jbwY9CvurYShAZA1t-btmhgrvSXjudCTA1q16YyU7LFV-zPu_-QURZXyUrlRWbCHRlauckBLaDRKE/s400/pcb.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">PCB montada:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ20xMcaDylAGNhla5Lsf8sJaDOlfPwyVommBQE0CVQXXUgs9yiTS8yHp4_Me60oEZjqJKYaJGo4FOkYlAg9i7gem9xVLCN7wdG2sQYkJhSQ63Q-UOvH5ZhX0Nw1xjim__87IYPpsbq7mB/s1600/Assemblagem+PCB.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ20xMcaDylAGNhla5Lsf8sJaDOlfPwyVommBQE0CVQXXUgs9yiTS8yHp4_Me60oEZjqJKYaJGo4FOkYlAg9i7gem9xVLCN7wdG2sQYkJhSQ63Q-UOvH5ZhX0Nw1xjim__87IYPpsbq7mB/s400/Assemblagem+PCB.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">A alimentação é através de uma pilha de 9V, ajustado para 5V com LED a informar o estado da pilha (a original era de 1.5V):</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB3Jq_NNRhxwRlSMmbXDOJ9144l9ABtJe3xXL_aA5uUiTC7NQiufw0e_Xdm1YOatB04h_yo2xY3gxsjZbVY04csvcWkj87qxaSo2jwkQnhGl5m-b0roykR4pbteeT80v3R7sAqw0k9Ufkw/s1600/traseira.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="359" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB3Jq_NNRhxwRlSMmbXDOJ9144l9ABtJe3xXL_aA5uUiTC7NQiufw0e_Xdm1YOatB04h_yo2xY3gxsjZbVY04csvcWkj87qxaSo2jwkQnhGl5m-b0roykR4pbteeT80v3R7sAqw0k9Ufkw/s400/traseira.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Aspecto final com a medição de um condensador 1000uF 16V, leitura aproximadamente 0.1 Ohm que pelo quadro está OK.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">(consegue-se ver por baixo do ajuste da agulha um LED verde):</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXIUnRVdR_PKAbYhDbm5AySoM89nMOAKu0GGRVc-z0oPR-2zLK_7laWL75yQBvX20cBph3MNXRYk_UF9JgGQpCzEuw9h6J1S6tYTB5zDYwkltOByAfM5WAiesrb__carYqpjBI3y7yJ-tt/s1600/Medi%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o+1000uF+16V.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="574" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXIUnRVdR_PKAbYhDbm5AySoM89nMOAKu0GGRVc-z0oPR-2zLK_7laWL75yQBvX20cBph3MNXRYk_UF9JgGQpCzEuw9h6J1S6tYTB5zDYwkltOByAfM5WAiesrb__carYqpjBI3y7yJ-tt/s640/Medi%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o+1000uF+16V.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Os cabos das pontas de prova também tiveram de ser substituídos, pois com os originais nunca chegaria ao final da escala.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Cada vez que é ligado, devem ser unida as pontas e ajustar a agulha para a leitura 0 através de um potenciómetro lateral.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Resta-me desejar a todos um Bom Ano Novo e que venham novas invenções ;D</span></span></div>
Dropeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06116611574828738845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1760767891204597850.post-90865199028793810172015-04-04T12:15:00.000+01:002015-04-04T12:16:51.723+01:00Subwoofer 2 x 300W<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<i><b><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Quando um sistema 6.1 não é suficiente</span></span></b></i><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></span></span></span> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjrUUwXxFIYGeQx1AFngCOIlUa_in-7tHg3jdgjKu188tcgunNhiek44DkGSEaU4hkWBhqTAn3L1_2y6q39GgRHvv8U0Nz1MrgJvby-VjYM1yPdngHS8NGFTNCb2ahtmtrZenWmDBYtpfu/s1600/TEAI-EP-Front.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglX2JonbFMoOYGbuOnahnQdfJZGvxrwPYxpKqBM0v6p4TXqnaKFFKqDFUETB0jwoI2KoV8wkGoQ3xtMVquIbtRLOKKrARcskvC8X7aoFWUVedz5NXr_vhG6PZDN2A0bSVuKZ469PJnnR3e/s1600/Subwoofer_300W.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglX2JonbFMoOYGbuOnahnQdfJZGvxrwPYxpKqBM0v6p4TXqnaKFFKqDFUETB0jwoI2KoV8wkGoQ3xtMVquIbtRLOKKrARcskvC8X7aoFWUVedz5NXr_vhG6PZDN2A0bSVuKZ469PJnnR3e/s1600/Subwoofer_300W.jpg" height="480" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">- Altifalantes 12" 300 <i>California</i> (made in USA) </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">- Caixa em MDF</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">- Bassreflex (oculto)</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Ultima alteração, alcatifada e colocação dos cantos de protecção.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Alimentado por um amplificador "Fame Amp600"</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Soma da potência de saída = 300W RMS</span></span></div>
Dropeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06116611574828738845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1760767891204597850.post-64025347856445523072014-05-04T16:02:00.003+01:002014-05-04T16:53:20.947+01:00Controle de Direcção e Velocidade de Motor em PWM<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Modelação por largura de pulso</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"> <span style="font-size: large;">(<i>Pulse Width Modulation</i>)</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjrUUwXxFIYGeQx1AFngCOIlUa_in-7tHg3jdgjKu188tcgunNhiek44DkGSEaU4hkWBhqTAn3L1_2y6q39GgRHvv8U0Nz1MrgJvby-VjYM1yPdngHS8NGFTNCb2ahtmtrZenWmDBYtpfu/s1600/TEAI-EP-Front.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjrUUwXxFIYGeQx1AFngCOIlUa_in-7tHg3jdgjKu188tcgunNhiek44DkGSEaU4hkWBhqTAn3L1_2y6q39GgRHvv8U0Nz1MrgJvby-VjYM1yPdngHS8NGFTNCb2ahtmtrZenWmDBYtpfu/s1600/TEAI-EP-Front.jpg" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-size: large;">Transístor MOSFET</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-size: small;">(<i>Metal Oxide Semiconductor - </i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><i><span class="st"><i>Field Effect Transistor</i></span></i>)</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ2Q6YOMwraoBl9YQyJnBmPO0JWJQYahQ9k3KLFgXMYj8ZmgNqXf0Jzym67K-MEKSGc9JO7o1wbX4J5wJqLEGHi_6ZTDVQdj5j5R_jOGzt7QdhyuEftPkzAcGKc7cNIAXtGLIWPYUTj5bG/s1600/TEAI-EP-3.png" /> </a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfA-XPtD6g3z9EkHC8sf17QijkTjhZ4VhKONFAQDtUpCL8PDHR_S56AXZzSWs58XVefE8CPqZ8Jp33GFxjnXPXINqINi9MAb_93YgAMgAE6-dJDLaxac13IA3F3aO4YXPAt8hNKbSLTLp-/s1600/TEAI-EP-2.png" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Trata-se de um semicondutor e tem vantagens em relação a um transístor bipolar, a alta impedância de acionamento (<i>gate</i>) e baixa impedância quando em condução saturado, resultando em baixas perdas que seriam manifestadas em calor. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"> Uma tensão da <i>gate</i> ao <i>source</i> faz variar a corrente que passa do <i>source</i> para o <i>dreno</i>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"> Apresentam uma curva linear de ganho desde o corte em que a tensão de <i>gate</i> é zero (em relação ao <i>source</i>), até à sua saturação, esta tensão é positiva no caso de um transístor canal N e negativa no caso de um transístor de canal P.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"> </span></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-size: large;">PWM</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-size: large;"> (Modelação por Largura de Pulso)</span></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKqdv_FPUjjxJKRMr8a5d5ZCqXj0EyEmFJO6Dupwjx5EIVpagadqeQ9o6ewHkobhN5bFzKMDOu1VFU0PAlIqTZI91AK6SZHMouYv5cdY3-BuoWWDeJ04GU97A2DFsw3gjv_ylvYkcinKdd/s1600/TEAI-EP-4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKqdv_FPUjjxJKRMr8a5d5ZCqXj0EyEmFJO6Dupwjx5EIVpagadqeQ9o6ewHkobhN5bFzKMDOu1VFU0PAlIqTZI91AK6SZHMouYv5cdY3-BuoWWDeJ04GU97A2DFsw3gjv_ylvYkcinKdd/s1600/TEAI-EP-4.png" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"> </span><span style="color: #cccccc;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Mantém constante a frequência com num sinal rectangular variando o tempo que está activo em relação ao tempo que está em repouso, resultando numa tensão equivalente chamada de <i>duty cycle</i> (ciclo de trabalho). </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"> Ciclo de trabalho (%) = Largura de Pulso / Período (onda completa) x 100 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"> Tensão resultante = Ciclo de trabalho / 100 x Tensão de alimentação </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"> Esta tensão equivalente resultante traduz-se por um alto rendimento devido a haverem poucas perdas por dissipação térmica, o que aconteceria num divisor de tensão resistivo ou mesmo usando um transístor bipolar com controle analógico, em que a queda de tensão teria de ser dissipada e não aproveitada com a finalidade de alimentar uma carga com uma tensão certa.</span></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"> </span><span style="color: #cccccc;"> </span><span style="color: #cccccc;"> </span><span style="color: #cccccc;"> </span><span style="color: #cccccc;"> </span></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ponte H</span> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"> </span></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Circuito constituído por interruptores de modo a encaminhar a corrente e fazer um motor, neste caso, ser alimentado de forma directa ou inversa correspondendo à direcção do rotor.</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7oIhE4ysqEhWKtLgijFE4yAE_bnx_yr_EpM0T8aCXsFFvu-eLr1eKMH4rFLi05JV1HxOMsfkqSgxfoCS7w7Z_gKFzkVe4DCYPJtxRibVWQ0_whjQTjdm8gRnyDBJ1Pf4iDAUfn7TezLpd/s1600/TEAI-EP-5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7oIhE4ysqEhWKtLgijFE4yAE_bnx_yr_EpM0T8aCXsFFvu-eLr1eKMH4rFLi05JV1HxOMsfkqSgxfoCS7w7Z_gKFzkVe4DCYPJtxRibVWQ0_whjQTjdm8gRnyDBJ1Pf4iDAUfn7TezLpd/s1600/TEAI-EP-5.png" /></a><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Usando como interruptores Mosfets e controlando por PWM, consegue-se ter um controle total de velocidade e direcção deste motor.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Nesta imagem pode-se ver o modo como as gates estão a ser alimentadas e quando estão saturados os transístores de acordo com o tipo de canal. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"> Nota-se que nos transístores de Canal P, a tensão das <i>gates</i> em relação ao <i>source</i> é negativa para que conduzam. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"> Assim quando queremos colocar o motor a rodar para a direita, dois transístores da esquerda têm tensão de 0V às <i>gates</i> (correspondendo a -5V no canal P) e é inserido o sinal PWM nos transístores da direita, ficando o transístor canal N a conduzir quando a entrada é positiva (activo). Quando a entrada é negativa (repouso), o transístor Cana P fica a conduzir, tratando-se de um curto na alimentação do motor.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-size: large;">Circuito Geral</span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-ZSy1PDoJSBqlF5q74VJPkz2rXxzrFaopxM9ZiiZR4OX9xHLuRhIJOnVHC5gLTsijWZ9yKnJDBGKDFMXlboyVSTenQmap21VnnNhhe3zaJFU64OuArBlC-7PIdPeBPk8oP2hj6Rz9Ur-2/s1600/TEAI-EP-7.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-ZSy1PDoJSBqlF5q74VJPkz2rXxzrFaopxM9ZiiZR4OX9xHLuRhIJOnVHC5gLTsijWZ9yKnJDBGKDFMXlboyVSTenQmap21VnnNhhe3zaJFU64OuArBlC-7PIdPeBPk8oP2hj6Rz9Ur-2/s1600/TEAI-EP-7.png" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Desenhado em Eagle, pode-se dividir por blocos o esquema, sendo a fonte de alimentação constituída por um suporte de 3 pilhas tipo AAA de forma a formar 4.5V, esta tensão é importante para que todo o circuito funcione dentro destes parâmetros e sem a necessidade de um regulador de tensão, o que iria originar perdas quando temos uma alimentação por pilhas. Dentro do circuito da fonte existe um interruptor geral de deslize e um condensador que estabiliza a tensão e corrente de 100uF. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"> A seguir existe o microcontrolador responsável por todas as funções de entrada e saída de dados, apenas com 8kB de memória flash programado em basic, oscilador interno a 4MHz, PWM por hardware e núcleo RISC, conseguindo executar a maior parte das instruções com apenas um ciclo de relógio. Resistência do reset ao VCC para manter um estado lógico positivo nele e um condensador de desacoplamento da alimentação de 100nF. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"> O teclado tem multifunções desde sentido de rotação do motor, ajuste de velocidade por PWM, arranque e paragem do motor e ainda reset do processo para se poder escolher novo sentido de rotação do motor. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"> A representação da forma de onda é semelhante ao sinal que é enviado aos mosfets, tratando-se de uma visualização de como é formado um período em PWM, podendo-se ver a relação do tempo em que um sinal está activo ou em repouso, será enviado a uma frequência constante de 1kHZ (1ms) esta forma de onda à ponte H. Para se poupar pinos no microcontrolador, os 22 LEDs são multiplexados a uma velocidade de aproximadamente 120Hz 11 em cima e 11 em baixo, selecionados através de dois transístor NPN enviando 11 cátodos ao GND intercaladamente. Os LEDs têm uma resistência em série com o microcontrolador de forma a limitar a corrente da sua alimentação. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"> Na ponte H também existe um condensador de 100uF para que a ponte tenha corrente quando necessita perto dela e para que não cause interferências ao resto do circuito.</span></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"> </span><span style="color: #cccccc;"> </span><span style="color: #cccccc;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Layout</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"> </span></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><br />
Sem grandes comentários em relação ao layout da PCB, apenas uma troca de ligações devido a desconhecer que haviam saídas dedicadas ao PWM por hardware pensando que se podiam escolher no programa; alguns componentes desenhados por não existirem na biblioteca, como o suporte de pilhas, motor, interruptor geral e mosfets, pontes não visíveis, atrasa na programação mas o visual fica melhor, plano de terra geral para evitar interferências, ângulos múltiplos de 45º, diferentes espessuras de circuito quando circulam maiores correntes.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">CNC 3 eixos em fase de construção, circuito de controle</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Projecto MUITO interessante mas infelizmente não é para mim :)</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><i>Last review: </i>Cablagem aos motors e limitadores de fim de curso finalizada através de fichas molex. (<i>one day work</i>)</span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">1 x 5 Axis Breakout Board<br />
3 x Nema23 3.1Nm Stepper Motors<br />
3 x CW5045 Microstepping Drivers<br />
1 x 400Watt PSU set to 38Volts for higher performance<br />
3 x Nema23 Stepper Motor Mounts</span></span></span></i></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>Dropeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06116611574828738845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1760767891204597850.post-69652106031730604282014-01-09T13:37:00.006+00:002022-06-12T18:00:40.466+01:00Espectrômetro de audio<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span face="Verdana,sans-serif">Circuito em estudo ainda em breadboard,código com AGC e layout semi-acabado não sabendo se terá conclusão.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span face="Verdana,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>Dropeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06116611574828738845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1760767891204597850.post-89886713479476555682013-12-19T01:40:00.000+00:002013-12-19T01:49:26.629+00:00Cerca Eléctrica<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Esquema retirado de um artigo da Elektor, usando uma bobine de automóvel, sofreu algumas alterações de circuito assim como de layout.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br /></span>Dropeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06116611574828738845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1760767891204597850.post-20282123878516983382013-12-19T01:30:00.002+00:002023-04-10T16:32:57.343+01:00Dimmer<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span face="Verdana,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Pedido de um cliente para controlar 2 lâmpadas, uma através de relé e outra por triac podendo ser ajustado o seu brilho.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span face="Verdana,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Tem também um sensor de temperatura de forma a se ajustar uma lâmpada de aquecimento, a outra lâmpada é de iluminação normal. </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span face="Verdana,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span face="Verdana,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span></div>Placa de potência:</span></span></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span face="Verdana,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC3VItfmu9d3vfz8DBXqcuV5K-HGSL6_xsoOXsbd4mLZx1uIhN_6uP2QxsfN35aQDeekNkvc78qeS4dNAwGkXMOloMNRikJBYR66EQXAYV2oslgwfNxyaURJLU4Wd3XW4bBzntN48MD8HroFnxAyJQmqeh1X09x3UkHp15vmWDfIITDXRr2iCyjznJ4A/s640/Dimmer%203.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="383" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC3VItfmu9d3vfz8DBXqcuV5K-HGSL6_xsoOXsbd4mLZx1uIhN_6uP2QxsfN35aQDeekNkvc78qeS4dNAwGkXMOloMNRikJBYR66EQXAYV2oslgwfNxyaURJLU4Wd3XW4bBzntN48MD8HroFnxAyJQmqeh1X09x3UkHp15vmWDfIITDXRr2iCyjznJ4A/w400-h240/Dimmer%203.jpg" width="400" /></a></div></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span face="Verdana,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span><div><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span face="Verdana,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Placa de controle contendo um micro-controlador e um RTC:</span></span></span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="349" data-original-width="640" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7FUtdvbf8TzFTgD8e2VkfIwCvCeidJmsMo_ivavs0uXF0tZLcw83T9e27tJ7ca-iZPRlv2We5tWHHnD3mlAp8tB_0_ZfkTR8VBESVd3NyYV5pAjfn6PraMKxkiHl1dgoLsTvyl9JH0iVf0f--vuz5XMR33FzO6berQl4k42VSL-TGj4yNXhUlGD5MLw/w400-h218/Dimmer%20C2.jpg" width="400" /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7FUtdvbf8TzFTgD8e2VkfIwCvCeidJmsMo_ivavs0uXF0tZLcw83T9e27tJ7ca-iZPRlv2We5tWHHnD3mlAp8tB_0_ZfkTR8VBESVd3NyYV5pAjfn6PraMKxkiHl1dgoLsTvyl9JH0iVf0f--vuz5XMR33FzO6berQl4k42VSL-TGj4yNXhUlGD5MLw/s640/Dimmer%20C2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /><br /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span face="Verdana,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"> Placa de controle com o LCD inserido e ficha ISP:<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTNhOrxhrbqUHTWkdg8O05cp31inzQajquLe0FkOO_lbAR2sMzRE2QqGQsAARM_VtAst3pAgLolyO1jdZ6uDsy3G0Onu77F5-kwbZFSFjQakf9O_yEya4IrdqAFNbMnN5wKOOdFPw9cWoroLOpVk3UBmpCFvKB2wM9uTTVg9xuytm2BVAZozhOkDZ9FQ/s640/Dimmer%20C.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTNhOrxhrbqUHTWkdg8O05cp31inzQajquLe0FkOO_lbAR2sMzRE2QqGQsAARM_VtAst3pAgLolyO1jdZ6uDsy3G0Onu77F5-kwbZFSFjQakf9O_yEya4IrdqAFNbMnN5wKOOdFPw9cWoroLOpVk3UBmpCFvKB2wM9uTTVg9xuytm2BVAZozhOkDZ9FQ/w400-h300/Dimmer%20C.jpg" width="400" /></a></div></span></span></span><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span face="Verdana,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span></div>Dropeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06116611574828738845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1760767891204597850.post-54831655281179752942013-08-14T15:01:00.001+01:002013-08-18T17:13:51.562+01:00Separador de materiais<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Este projecto não foi elaborado por mim mas colaborei nos materiais.</span></span></i></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Trata-se de um separador de esferas em que separa as metálicas das não metálicas.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Visão geral, do lado esquerdo encontra-se uma plataforma com altura ajustável, no meio um servo com pás e modificado para rotação contínua, mais à direita um detector de metais seguindo um detector de passagem IR, a seguir um guia através de um suporte de cabeças de um disco rígido:</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjacaWeZrjsjqpvy0dAmS3UAnnN_N7Q9o9BdWWxeQZqtlbo8vrTNVJ5ig7Z06IrW5PXJw0EQhedNFQDoGfA_c4Ls-WHBqVOJkj9ygI5a0dD_E8h3NdukCafECJ51uRGvFwdwViLPrHtrHy-/s1600/Identificador+materiais+01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjacaWeZrjsjqpvy0dAmS3UAnnN_N7Q9o9BdWWxeQZqtlbo8vrTNVJ5ig7Z06IrW5PXJw0EQhedNFQDoGfA_c4Ls-WHBqVOJkj9ygI5a0dD_E8h3NdukCafECJ51uRGvFwdwViLPrHtrHy-/s1600/Identificador+materiais+01.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGE6_lzeHIijVJvcJ8hPnOVx4cRjvrCtqtClJY34ywP4TfB4jJ_skjj9Hi809EdwrNAk2EUGmuh_8-Aco6S912x8IWtvQ8U3v1qEhVKMfVrTwBbmTbaYLA-uECH0YgJZ76IJRaSsyAgAgC/s1600/Identificador+materiais+02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGE6_lzeHIijVJvcJ8hPnOVx4cRjvrCtqtClJY34ywP4TfB4jJ_skjj9Hi809EdwrNAk2EUGmuh_8-Aco6S912x8IWtvQ8U3v1qEhVKMfVrTwBbmTbaYLA-uECH0YgJZ76IJRaSsyAgAgC/s1600/Identificador+materiais+02.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Aqui dá para se ver a placa principal, onde do lado esquerdo tem um potenciómetro, permitindo ajustar a velocidade do servo, do lado direito tem outro potenciómetro para ajustar o tempo em que o guia permanece activo:</span></span></div>
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<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW_WHTASnERljN5EKemogPxUhzklmPM5QnvldTyXEV4siciJjCBKk1AUvaxF4_2gX2dGQAjW5-EBJJdvD6WdxQWZ9wMrEcooA9z9f_-OBHVMUHdH0HdlQhxEuoCoH_6yPXOJw_fIi9D0rJ/s1600/Identificador+materiais+03.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Esta é a placa principal, existem 3 ICs, o 1º do lado esquerdo é um NE555 funcionando em modo astável, gerando o sinal PWM para o servo; no meio encontra-se um microcontrolador ATtinny13 e à direita um L293 constituído por 2 pontes H que controlam o eletroíman do guia:</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> </span></span><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjhIlnMvzpnou8sIMnC-f6z-VzSnEm0kxm1H-GCB0lR5TbQcriRSmpeIxKERk2iqdr9q5Anv1rxvFuFbuGx1U8UJ_EDNIoZBUu6-pfGSkmsxm0QMqPb5e6M0duIpTFu_M-KdIWgI7JaYg7/s1600/Identificador+materiais+04.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> Esta é a placa dos sensores, metais e IR de passagem:</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuFVqf24ply3Lxp0IwlZ76-r1pHQZsVGS-YoumkYLBoYdAvNvDVjnu8MkVD8YD_KobxrnvFM7_mWxjr-aEHNhnLpA7sVB-YIsti5dA3nC24GXoYr5_8h0vPrcBDTq725LeswPW2mvoTwsx/s1600/Identificador+materiais+05.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuFVqf24ply3Lxp0IwlZ76-r1pHQZsVGS-YoumkYLBoYdAvNvDVjnu8MkVD8YD_KobxrnvFM7_mWxjr-aEHNhnLpA7sVB-YIsti5dA3nC24GXoYr5_8h0vPrcBDTq725LeswPW2mvoTwsx/s1600/Identificador+materiais+05.jpg" /></a><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Pequena demonstração do mecanismo em funcionamento:</span></span></div>
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Dropeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06116611574828738845noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1760767891204597850.post-29285914759700479092013-05-12T14:36:00.001+01:002022-06-12T18:03:07.481+01:00Insuladora<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Dropeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06116611574828738845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1760767891204597850.post-6802714515521513972013-03-24T17:38:00.001+00:002023-04-10T16:19:53.354+01:00Vários<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="233" data-original-width="640" height="117" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh44CSjbQaqYtAk44f_OyO7M-S5Fr0RguGejCCHZopG-eoxiParcwARx8PrSZxLr6zLTjCNV_sAJ2extueyANugDa5C1NlKWnuabQuPk7lkUixyhYKGN9-f-8pGomYavK963WkMzAZrm6JbethJnRrqAACN-o7T1NqSR03S7rukddkgVTnlMed0R8D4mA/s320/div07.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></div>Dropeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06116611574828738845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1760767891204597850.post-41797712121194856392012-07-29T21:18:00.000+01:002012-11-02T00:46:29.121+00:00Tijolo fotovoltaico<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Aproveitamento de 4 painéis foto-<span style="font-size: small;">v</span>oltaicos para captar energia solar<span style="font-size: small;">, armazenar numa pilha <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">e</span> iluminar uma passagem durante a noite através de 4 LEDs brancos inseridos num tijolo de vidro fosco.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br />Dropeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06116611574828738845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1760767891204597850.post-72586370772401601942012-07-29T21:14:00.001+01:002016-09-27T20:10:44.121+01:00Simon game<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Parecido a um jogo que já tinha realizado e que consta neste site (pocket repeart), criei uma versão mais atrativa e com novas funcionalidades</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> para ser vendido como KIT</span></span></span></span></div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/mj2x2zprfGQ/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="400" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/mj2x2zprfGQ?feature=player_embedded" width="640"></iframe></div>
<br />Dropeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06116611574828738845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1760767891204597850.post-87554759142431882212012-07-29T21:14:00.000+01:002012-11-02T00:46:55.569+00:00Scanner Clock<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1760767891204597850" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><!----></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> </span></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Eis
um relógio fora do comum, encontrei num site da Internet e achei engraçado. Na
versão original, não gostei da estética, do ruído gerado pelo motor nem dos
botões de acerto, em que é necessário parar o motor para alterar as horas.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Depois
de algum estudo e compreensão do seu funcionamento, decidi-me criar um novo.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Arranjei
um motor de um ventilador de um PC e cortei-lhe as pás, que deixou de ser essa
a sua função, sendo bastante silencioso em funcionamento. A
comunicação entre o teclado e a placa principal é feita através de três
emissores e receptores de infra-vermelhos recuperados de um rato de PC comum.
Assim além de se poder acertar as horas, também consegue fazer o sincronismo de
posição para começar a fazer o varrimento das luzes.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Uma
nova função é a de poder ser desligado da alimentação por um período máximo de
8 horas sem perder as informações horárias, essa propriedade deve-se a um
circuito integrado de baixo consumo anexado na placa, que é alimentado por um
condensador especial (Farad), sendo carregado imediatamente assim que se liga a
alimentação.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Tive
de escrever o código do programa desde o início, porque além de ter um
microprocessador diferente também tinha outras funções.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />Dropeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06116611574828738845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1760767891204597850.post-66519439348369812932012-07-29T19:48:00.001+01:002022-06-12T18:18:42.280+01:00Conversor RS232-TTL<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Aproveitando o famoso MAX232 foi criado uma versão comercial</span></span></span><br />
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<br />Dropeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06116611574828738845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1760767891204597850.post-63373710417816093572012-07-29T14:40:00.004+01:002012-08-03T21:30:12.476+01:00Contador de mudanças para mota SWITCH<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR0C66hRnXqnrneXg3aj9rLLelu-O4wrJscUjzZeGYHp_OUcJhU6cS75AVPKj-Ws3rCCQXch3TNggfpV3iaabuyFu7bzip6jzUFDlawZuNgK27QbFCCnSgUcdplH-PiFucLE59du0Z-WQO/s1600/CM+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR0C66hRnXqnrneXg3aj9rLLelu-O4wrJscUjzZeGYHp_OUcJhU6cS75AVPKj-Ws3rCCQXch3TNggfpV3iaabuyFu7bzip6jzUFDlawZuNgK27QbFCCnSgUcdplH-PiFucLE59du0Z-WQO/s320/CM+3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>Dropeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06116611574828738845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1760767891204597850.post-77527210964388083122012-07-29T14:38:00.002+01:002012-11-02T01:00:21.862+00:00Candeeiro<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Andei à procura de candeeiros mas não encontrei um que gostasse, os preços também eram exagerados, decidindo construir um a meu gosto.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />Dropeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06116611574828738845noreply@blogger.com0